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Battery Terms, Definitions, and Glossary for reference
· Acid
· A type of chemical that can release hydrogen ions when mixed with water. Sulfuric acid is used in a lead-acid battery.
· Active Material
· The porous structure of lead compounds that produces and stores electrical energy within a lead-acid battery. The active material in the positive plates is lead dioxide and that in the negative is metallic sponge lead. When an electrical circuit is created, these materials react with sulfuric acid during charging and discharging according to the following chemical reaction: PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O.
· AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat)
· A type of non-woven separator material composed almost entirely of glass microfibers that absorbs and retains the electrolyte, leaving no free electrolyte in the cell to spill. VRLA batteries made with this material are often referred to as "AGM" batteries.
· Ampere (Amp, A)
· The unit of measure of the electron flow rate, or current, through a circuit.
· Ampere-Hour (Amp-Hrs, Ah)
· A unit of measure for a battery’s electrical storage capacity, obtained by multiplying the current in amperes by the time in hours of discharge. (Example: A battery that delivers 5 amperes for 20 hours delivers 5 amperes x 20 hours = 100 amp-hrs of capacity.)
· Battery Charger
· Device supplying electrical energy to a battery.
· Boost Charge
· The process of ensuring that the cells and plates within a battery are charged sufficiently for the battery to perform its desired function. Boost charging is typically done for a short duration at high current.
· BCI Group
· The Battery Council International (BCI) Group Number "fingerprints" a battery with the following characteristics: (a) dimensions (L x W x H), (b) voltage (6V or 12V), (c) polarity (right-hand front positive, left-hand front positive, etc.), (d) type terminals (top, side, "L", etc.). The BCI Group Number does not designate a battery’s capacity; it merely defines the above-listed physical characteristics.
· Capacity
· The capacity of a battery is specified as the number of amp-hrs that the battery will deliver at a specific discharge rate and temperature. The capacity of a battery is not a constant value and is seen to decrease with increasing discharge rate. The capacity of a battery is affected by a number of factors such as active material weight, density of the active material, adhesion of the active material to the grid, number, design and dimensions of plates, plate spacing, design of separators, specific gravity and quantity of available electrolyte, grid alloys, final limiting voltage, discharge rate, temperature, internal and external resistance, age and life history of the battery.
· Cell
· The basic electrochemical current-producing unit in a battery, consisting of a set of positive plates, negative plates, electrolyte, separators and casing. In a lead-acid battery, the cell has an open-circuit voltage of approximately 2 volts. There are six cells in a 12-volt lead-acid battery.
· Charge Acceptance
· The quantity of current in ampere-hours which a battery in a defined charge state can accept at a specified temperature and charge voltage within a defined period.
· Circuit
· An electrical circuit is the path followed by a flow of electrons. A closed circuit is a complete path. An open circuit has a broken, or disconnected, path.
· Circuit (Parallel)
· A circuit that provides more than one path for the flow of current. A parallel arrangement of batteries (usually of like voltages and capacities) has all positive terminals connected to a conductor and all negative terminals connected to another conductor. If two 12-volt batteries of 50 ampere-hour capacity each are connected in parallel, the circuit voltage is 12 volts, and the ampere-hour capacity of the combination is 100 ampere-hours.
· Circuit (Series)
· A circuit that has only one path for the flow of current. Batteries arranged in series are connected with negative of the first to positive of the second, negative of the second to positive of the third, etc. If two 12-volt batteries of 50 ampere-hours capacity each are connected in series, the circuit voltage is equal to the sum of the two battery voltages, or 24 volts, and the ampere-hour capacity of the combination is 50 ampere-hours.
· CCA
· Cold Cranking Amps is a rating used in the battery industry to define a battery’s ability to start an engine in cold temperatures. A great amount of amperes is needed to start the engine, but only for a short time.The actual rating is the number of amps that can be removed from a new fully charged battery at 0°F for 30 seconds while maintaining a voltage of at least 7.2 volts (for a 12-volt battery).As a battery ages with use, it may no longer be able to meet its original CCA rating.The higher the CCA rating, the greater the starting power of the battery.
· Conductance
· The ability to transmit current in a circuit or battery.
· Deep-Cycle Battery
· Battery that provides a steady amount of current over a long period of time, provides a surge when needed and is designed to be deeply discharged over and over again.
· Electrolyte
· In a lead-acid battery, the electrolyte is sulfuric acid diluted with water. It is a conductor that supplies water and sulfate for the electrochemical reaction: PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O.
· Electronic Tester
· An electronic device that assesses the condition of a battery through an ohmic measurement such as resistance or conductance, typically without drawing large current loads.
· Element
· A set of positive and negative plates assembled with separators.
· Equalization Charge
· The process of ensuring that the cells and plates within a battery are all at full charge and that the electrolyte is uniform and free of stratification. This is normally done by charging the battery under controlled conditions (charge current, time and upper voltage limits are usually specified).
· Formation
· In battery manufacturing, formation is the process of charging the battery for the first time. Electrochemically, formation changes the lead oxide paste on the positive grids into lead dioxide and the lead oxide paste on the negative grids into metallic sponge lead.
· Gel
· Electrolyte that has been immobilized by the addition of a chemical agent, normally fine silica, to prevent spillage. Batteries made with gelled electrolyte are often referred to as gel batteries. Gel batteries are one typical type of VRLA battery.
· Intercell Connectors
· Lead structures that connect adjoining cells in series, positive of one cell to the negative of the next, within a battery.
· Lead-Acid Battery
· Battery made up of plates, lead and lead oxide (various other elements are used to change density, hardness, porosity, etc.) with a 35 percent sulfuric acid and 65 percent water solution. This solution is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that produces electrons.
· Load Tester
· An instrument that draws current (discharges) from a battery using an electrical load while measuring voltage. It determines the battery’s ability to perform under actual discharge conditions.
· Low Water-Loss Battery
· A battery that does not require periodic water addition under normal driving conditions; also referred to as a maintenance-free battery.
· Maintenance-Free
· A battery that normally requires no service watering during its lifetime of use.
· Primary Battery
· A battery that can store and deliver electrical energy but cannot be recharged. A lead-acid battery is NOT a primary battery.
· Reserve Capacity Rating
· The time in minutes that a new, fully charged battery will deliver 25 amperes at 27°C (80°F) and maintain a terminal voltage equal to, or higher than, 1.75 volts per cell. This rating represents the time the battery will continue to operate essential accessories if the alternator or generator of a vehicle fails.
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